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PALLADIUS.
of the Irish. This solution leads, however, to another difficulty. According to Prosper, Palladius converted the Irish, " fecit barbaram (sc. insulam) Christianam ;" while the united testimony of ecclesiastical antiquity ascribes the conversion of Ireland to Patricius (St. Patrick), who was a little later than Palladius. But possibly the success of Palladius, though far from bearing out the statement of Prosper, may have been greater than subsequent writers, zealous for the honour of St. Patrick, and seeking to exaggerate his success by extenuating that of his predecessors, were willing to allow. There is another difficulty, arising from an apparent contradiction between the two passages in Prosper, one of which ascribes to Palladius the conversion of the island, while the other describes him as being sent " ad Scotos in Christo credentes ;" but this seeming contradiction may be reconciled by the supposition that Palladius had visited the island and made some converts, before being consecrated and again sent out as their bishop. This supposition accounts for a circumstance recorded by Prosper, that " Florentio et Dionysio Coss." i.e. in a. d. 429, Palladius, while yet only a deacon, prevailed on Pope Coelestine to send out Germanus of Auxerre [germanus, No. 6.] to stop the progress of Pe-lagianism in Britain: which indicates on the part of Palladius a knowledge of the state of the British islands, and an interest in them, such, as a previous visit would be likely to impart. The various statements of the mediaeval writers have been collected by Usher in his Britannicar. Ec-clesiar. Antiq. c. xvi p. 799, &c. See also J. B. Sollerius, De S. Palladia in the Ada Sanctor. Jul. vol. ii. p. 286, &c. Palladius is commemorated as a saint by the Irish Romanists on the 27th Jan.: by those of Scotland on July 6th. His shrine, or reputed shrine, at Fordun, in the Mearns, in Scotland, was regarded before the Reformation with the greatest reverence ; and various localities in the neighbourhood are still pointed out as connected with his history. Jocelin, of Furness, a monkish writer of the twelfth century states, in his life of St. Patrick (Acta Sanctor. Martii9 vol. ii. p. 545 ; Julii, vol. ii. p. 289), that Palladius, disheartened by his little success in Ireland, crossed over into Great Britain, and died in the territory of the Picts ; a statement which, supported as it is by the local traditions of Fordun, may be received as containing a portion of truth. The mediaeval writers have, in some instances, strangely confounded Palladius, the apostle of the Scoti, with Palladius of Helenopolis ; and Trithemius (De Scriptor. Eccles. c. 133), and even Baronius (Annal. Eccles. ad ann. 429. § 8), who is followed by Pos-sevino, make the former to be the author of the Dialogus de Vita Chrysostomi. Baronius, also, ascribes to him (ibid.) Liber contra Pelagianos, Ho-miliarum Liber unus, and Ad Coelestinum Episto-7arum Liber unus, and other works written in Greek. For these statements he cites the authority of Trithemius, who however mentions only the Dialogus. It is probable that the statement rests on the very untrustworthy authority of Bale (Bale, Script. Illustr. Maj. Britann. cent. xiv. 6; Usher, I. c.; Sollerius /. c. \ Tillemont, Mem. vol. xiv. p. 154, &e. p. 737 ; Fabricius, Bibl. Med. et Infim. Latinit. vol. v. p. 191.)
14. Of suedra, in Pamphylia. Prefixed to the Ancoratus of Epiphanius of Salamis or Constantia
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PALLADIUS.
[epiphanius], is a Letter of Palladius to that father. It is headed *Eiri(rTo\r) ypa<pe?(ra Trapd rijs avTys ir6\«as 2,ov&p<jov TroAireuo-Kal diroo'raXfio'a irpos tov avrov ayiov ahTJffavTos Kal avrov irepl r&v avroav9 Palladii ejusdem Suedrorum urbis civis ad Sanctum Epiplianium Epistola, qua idem ab eo postulat, i. e. in which he seconds the request made by certain Presbyters of Suedra (whose letter precedes that of Palladius) that Epiphanius would answer certain questions respecting the Trinity of which the Ancoratus contains the solution. (Epiphanius, Opera, vol. ii. p. 3. ed. Petav. fol. Paris, 1622 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 114.) [J.C.M.]
PALLADIUS, RUTFL1US TAURUS AEMILIA'NUS, the author of a treatise De Re Rustica, in the form of a Farmer's Calendar, the various operations connected with agriculture and a rural life being arranged in regular order, according to the seasons in which they ought to be performed. It is comprised in fourteen books: the first is introductory, the twelve following contain the duties of the twelve months in succession, commencing with January ; the last is a poem, in eighty-five elegiac couplets, upon the art of grafting (De Insitione) ; each of these books, with the exception of the fourteenth, is divided into short sections distinguished by the term Tituli instead of the more usual designation Capita^ a circumstance which is by some critics regarded as a proof that the author belongs to a late period. What that period may have been scholars have toiled hard to discover. The first writer by whom Palladius is mentioned is Isidorus of Seville, who refers to him twice, simply as Aemilianus (Orig, xvii. 1. § 1, 10. § 8), the name under which he is spoken of by Cassiodorus also (Divin. Lect. c. 28). Barthius supposes him to be the eloquent Gaulish youth Palladius, to whose merits Rutilius pays so warm a compliment in his Itinerary (i. 207), while Wernsdorf, advancing one step farther into the realms of fancy (Pott. Lat. Min. vol. v. pars i. p. 551), imagines that he may have been adopted by Rutilius, an idea which, however, he afterwards abandoned (vol. vi. p. 20), and rested satisfied with assigning him to the age of Valentinian or Theo-dosius. The internal evidence is by no means so copious as to compensate for the want of information from without. The style, without being barbarous, is such as would justify us in bringing the writer down as low as the epoch fixed by Wernsdorf, although he might with equal propriety be placed two centuries earlier; but tfye controversy seems to have recently received a new light from the researches of Count Bartolommeo Borghesi, who, in a memoir published among the Transactions of the Turin Academy (vol. xxxviii. 1835), has pointed out that Pasiphilus, the person to whom in all probability Palladius dedicates his fourteenth book, was praefect of the city in a. d. 355. Wo gather from his own words (iv. 10. § 16), that he was possessed of property in Sardinia and in the territorium Neapolitanuin, wherever that may have been, and that he had himself practised horticulture in Italy (iv. 10. § 24), but the expressions from which it has been inferred he was a native of Gaul (i. 13. § 1, vii. 2. § 2) by no means justify such a conclusion. Although evidently not devoid of a practical acquaintance with his subject, a considerable portion of the whole work is taken directly from Columellaj in all that relates to gardening, and
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